Report

Teaser, summary, work performed and final results

Periodic Reporting for period 3 - Rethyming (Rebuilding the human thymus to create a tolerising system for allogeneic tissue and organ transplantation)

Teaser

Organ transplantation revolutionized medicine by allowing patients to survive, often with an acceptable quality of life, thanks to organs such as kidney, heart, liver or lungs transplanted from a donor. However, the immune system of the patient would recognise the donor organ...

Summary

Organ transplantation revolutionized medicine by allowing patients to survive, often with an acceptable quality of life, thanks to organs such as kidney, heart, liver or lungs transplanted from a donor. However, the immune system of the patient would recognise the donor organ as foreign and would destroy it. To avoid this, patients are treated with drugs that inhibit the immune system and allow long-term survival of the transplanted organ. As inhibition is non-selective, the patient becomes weaker and less able to defend her/himself form infections or even tumours.
This project aims at preventing donor organ rejection by educating the immune system to recognise it as part of its own body so that no immune response is mounted on transplantation, whilst maintaining the immune response against harmful agents such as bacteria or viruses.
We are building, step-by-step, an artificial human thymus, the organ that induces maturation of the immune system and teaches it to distinguish “self” from “non-self”. We aim to define the cellular and molecular components that are able to re-educate the patient immune system to accept the donor organ as self.
If successful this project would put the basis for a rapid clinical translation in order to remove the need for immunosuppressive drugs during organ transplantation. This would have an immediate clinical benefit and impact on current and future regenerative medicine and, possibly, other immune related conditions. On the one hand patients’ quality of life would dramatically improve; on the other, costs related to treating the consequences of immune suppression would be eliminated, with a significant impact on health economy.

Work performed

The project has progressed so far on all the main objectives: (i) we have characterised the cellular components that can efficiently repopulate an artificial human thymus. (ii) Furthermore, we have developed a robust method to obtain thymic scaffolds that allow functional organ reconstitution and, (iii) we have tested the survival of the newly generated artificial organ upon transplantation into animal models.

Final results

The project has progressed beyond the state of the art on all its novel aspects, namely the possibility to efficiently expand the cellular components of the human thymus, maintaining their potential to reconstruct a 3D organ in a dish; furthermore, we could demonstrate this structure is transplantable into animal models. The expected results until the end of the project focus on the demonstration of specific functionalities of the artificial organ which should sustain some of the key immunological functions of the human thymus.