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Report

Teaser, summary, work performed and final results

Periodic Reporting for period 1 - 3DRM (Accurate Full-Field 3D Shape Measurement Technique of Specular Surfaces by Phase-to-Depth Deflectometry)

Teaser

Summary

This Fellowship not only have studied a novel phase-to-depth deflectometry for measuring full-field 3D shape of specular objects with isolated and/or discontinuous surfaces, but also published 17 high-level journal and conference papers, and developed an instrumentation system. The developed instrumentation system has been tested in the hosting organisation of EPSRC Future Metrology Hub. The finished objectives of this project are the following: 1) Established the theory and implementation of accurate full-field 3D shape measurement system of specular surfaces based on direct phase-to-depth relationship; 2) Studied a novel 3D calibration method to build up the relationship between the absolute phase map and the 3D shape data in a simple, flexible and automatic way; 3) Analysed the effects of system parameters on the measured 3D shape in a simulated way, and all kinds of error sources and their effects on the measured 3D shape data and gave their compensation methods for obtaining high accurate 3D shape data; 4) Gained new knowledge and training about advanced metrology from the hosting organisation, transferred new optical metrology to the hosting organisation, and built up a solid foundation for further collaboration between the researcher and the Future Metrology Hub by applying for a Sino-UK Workshop.

Work performed

Theoretical analysis, simulated mathematical model and testing experiments have been performed and some outcomes have been achieved.
1)Direct phase measuring deflectometry (DPMD) based on color fringe pattern technique. A new technique of DPMD and its performance have been studied. A) The relevant techniques regarding classical PMD and the improved PMD technique have been reviewed. Some influential factors on the measured results are presented. The challenges and future research directions are discussed to further advance PMD techniques. Finally, the application fields of PMD are briefly introduced. B) A new DPMD method has been developed to measure the full-field 3D shape of complicated specular objects. A mathematical model is derived to directly relate an absolute phase map to depth data. A full-field 3D measuring system is developed. Sinusoidal fringe patterns having the optimum fringe numbers are generated by software and synchronously displayed on two screens. A color CCD camera captures the two sets of deformed color fringe pattern images. Experimental results show that the proposed DPMD method measures the full-field 3D shape of specular objects having isolated and/or discontinuous surfaces accurately and effectively. C) A new virtual measurement system has been developed to optimize the system parameters and evaluate the systemâ€™s performance in DPMD applications. Four system parameters have been analyzed to obtain accurate measurement results. Experiments are performed using simulated and actual data and the results confirm the effects of these four parameters on the measurement results.
2)Simple, flexible and automatic 3D system calibration for DPMD. For calibrating the relationship between absolute phase map and 3D shape data, the internal parameters of the CCD camera and the system parameters need to be determined. A) A novel camera calibration method has been developed by using an iterative distortion compensation algorithm. First, the initial parameters of the camera are calibrated by full-field camera pixels and the corresponding points on a phase target. Then, an iterative algorithm is proposed to compensate for the distortion. Finally, a 2D fitting and interpolation method is developed to enhance the accuracy of the phase target. B) A new distance calibration method has been studied. The direction of a mobile stage in the camera coordinate system is determined by the mirrorâ€™s pattern at several positions in the cameraâ€™s depth of field (DOF). The screenâ€™s position can also be calibrated by displaying patterns at a known scale. The experimental results on an artificial stepped mirror and a reflected diamond distribution surface demonstrate the accuracy and practicality of the proposed method.
3)Error sources analysis and their compensation to obtain high accurate 3D shape data. For the proposed DPMD, the main error sources of chromatic aberration (CA) between color channels and non-linear response of the system have been studied. A) A full-field calibration method based on absolute phase maps has been studied. Red, green, and blue closed sinusoidal fringe patterns are generated, consecutively displayed on an LCD, and captured by a color camera from the front viewpoint. The phase information of each color fringe is obtained using a four-step phase-shifting algorithm and optimum fringe number selection method. These pixel deviations can be computed by comparing the unwrapped phase data of the red, blue, and green channels in polar coordinates. CA calibration is accomplished in Cartesian coordinates. The systematic errors introduced by the LCD are analyzed and corrected. Simulated results show the validity of the proposed method and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed full-field calibration method based on absolute phase maps would be useful for practical software-based CA calibration. B) A generic exponential fringe model has been proposed to express as an exponential function of the genera

Final results

During the implementation of the Fellowship, a novel DPMD method has been developed to measure specular objects having multiple discontinuous surfaces. The effects of the system parameters on the measured results have been simulated and the optimum parameters are determined. After calibrating the relationship between the absolute phase and 3D shape data by using a new technique, the system has been tested by measuring a monolithic multi-mirror array having multiple specular surfaces. Therefore, the proposed method successfully solves the challenging problem of measuring specular objects having multiple discontinuous surfaces, which cannot be measured accurately and efficiently by the existing methods. The proposed DPMD method can be applied into the fields of aerospace, car industry, and biomedical engineering.
Because of successfully obtaining this Fellowship, I became an â€œInnovative and Entrepreneurial Talentâ€ in Jiangsu Province in 2016 and the team Leader of â€œInnovative Talent Promotion Program Innovation team in Key Areasâ€ in Tianjin in 2017. I will also have more chances to get the very prestigious Chinese Outstanding Young Scientist Awards from NSFC (National Natural Science Foundation of China) to continuously support my research in the fields of deflectometry. The developed DPMD system can be potentially commercialized by Renishaw in the near future. It will promote the development of innovative manufacturing by inspecting the quality of the specular products, especially for objects having multiple discontinuous surfaces.