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Report

Teaser, summary, work performed and final results

Periodic Reporting for period 1 - TrustVehicle (Improved trustworthiness and weather-independence of conditional automated vehicles in mixed traffic scenarios)

Teaser

Summary

Automated driving can be implemented with relatively simple controllers if the current location of the ego vehicle and the current and future locations of other road users are known without uncertainty. However, this is not going to happen in the initial stages of the introduction of automated driving systems into the market. Consequently, system and human driver uncertainty pose a significant challenge in the development of trustable and fault-tolerant automated driving controllers, especially for conditional automation (SAE level 3) in mixed traffic scenarios. The TrustVehicle consortium brings together participants from the whole vehicle value chain to enhance safety and user-friendliness of level 3 automated driving systems. The main objectives are: (i) the systematic identification of critical road scenarios based on in-depth analysis of possible traffic situations and human behaviour; (ii) the setup of new tools for the cost- and time-effective assessment of driver-in/off-the-loop situations; (iii) design of controllers and sensor fusion systems capable of dealing with complex, uncertain and variable road scenarios to enhance road safety; (iv) the implementation of intuitive human-machine interfaces for the safe management of the transition phases taking into account user acceptance and gender-specific aspects; and (iv) the establishment of an adaptive and agile vehicle validation based on self-diagnostics and data logging to steadily extend the list of relevant scenarios and test cases. The outputs of the TrustVehicle project will be extensively assessed in real-world operating conditions on four demonstrators representing four vehicle classes. End users of the technology will systematically and thoroughly express their requirements, expectations, and concerns during the consortium activity. Special focus will be put on the demonstration of the fault-tolerant and fail-operational system behaviour at any time and for different kinds of weather conditions.

Work performed

The driverâ€™s impressions and feelings are crucial for L3AD driving since he/she should be able to resume vehicle control if needed. Therefore, they are strongly taken into account in the whole development process of the different components that constitute the automated system. The analysis started with a traffic injury analysis, where injuries and fatalities on European roads in the last few years were investigated. The research revealed considerable differences among countries in traffic road injuries, especially in relation with the gross-domestic-product (GDP) of the countries. The next step dealt with the analysis of user expectations. The aim was to explore what people think about automated vehicles and how comfortable they feel with this new technology. Therefore, a questionnaire addressing these issues was prepared and issued to volunteering participants. A broad overview of critical driving scenarios developed through the TrustVehicle project was compiled, where special focus is on the use cases represented by the OEMâ€™s aims within the project, namely Ford Otosanâ€™s truck/trailer backing manoeuvres, TofaÅŸâ€™ LCV scenarios for narrow urban streets, Linkkerâ€™s charging station use case and Volvoâ€™s sensor monitoring system. Besides questionnaires and tests on the driver simulator were undertaken within TrustVehicle to assure this involvement of the user in the development process, either for planners and controllers, sensors and sensor monitoring or HMI. A modular co-simulation approach assures the flexibility needed within the development process.

Final results

The analysis of user requirements, expectations and concerns by using semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and focus groups resulted in a user-centric approach to be used in development and validation of L3AD technology. This approach leads to trust and user acceptance to be increased as well as the safety and reliability of the L3AD. The catalogue of safety critical scenarios and the catalogue of assessment criteria provides more reliable and safer L3AD technology by scenario-based testing and validation. The increase of traffic safety generates the reduction of the traffic injuries and its relative costs. With L3AD being accepted and used widely, elderly person and person with special needs will be included into mobility. In addition, gender related questions and analysis done in questionnaires helps HMI and controller designs.
Furthermore, a trajectory planner based on potential fields was developed, that is capable of dealing with low-speed driving and back parking, especially with truck-trailers and LCVs. Controllers for these two types of vehicles are under construction and will be available for the respective use cases at the end of the project.
Also, the co-simulation setup that will be used for the different use cases for simulation and driving simulator studies has been defined and will be set up in the 2nd project period. This will enable not only simulation studies, but consequently also the enhancement of the assessment tool and correlation studies with real-world data.
VTT and Linkker have been developing a new HMI concept which enables safe switch between autonomous and manual driving modes. The concept bases on the measurement of the driver state and the traffic environment. The 1st prototype HMI for electric bus has been setup together with Linkker. This accurate automated driving to a charging with an electric bus has not been reported before.
Potential impacts of the new HMI concept to the traffic safety will be estimated later in the project. Impacts to the automated driving HMI design for professional drivers is also expected. As safety increases with scenario-based testing and validation, the effectiveness of the safety critical scenarios and assessment criteria will be proven. This provides guidance to the policy makers on 4 transportation areas as passenger cars, light-duty vehicles, buses, heavy goods vehicles. Moreover, charging equipment and the road layout on the bus stop sets certain limits for the accurate precision manoeuvring, which are taken into account during the development. This has not been done in the previous projects.
Linkker is manufacturing lightweight electric buses as well as charging infrastructure (together with partners). The results of the project are expected to improve competitiveness of Linkker city buses with having automated driving features and innovative HMI solutions. Additionally, time savings can be achieved due to easier positioning at the charging pole.
Ford Otosan has started the GPS supported backward manoeuvres of truck-trailer couple. With starting the WP6 - Demonstration phase, the sensors (Lidar, Cameras, Radar) will be used on the prototype truck-trailer.