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Report

Teaser, summary, work performed and final results

Periodic Reporting for period 1 - Space-Time from Info (Space-Time from Information Flow)

Teaser

Summary

The aim of this project was to begin developing a novel interdisciplinary approach to space-time physics, which not only combines core features of quantum theory and general relativity, but also takes the emerging information paradigm in physics serious. Informational perspectives and, in particular, the tools from quantum information have recently led to exciting progress in the quest for quantum gravity, both on the technical and conceptual level. Conversely, these developments give rise to new challenges and opportunities for quantum information research. This project aimed at furthering these developments through three main objectives:

- The first objective was to better understand the relation between space-time structure and the feasibility of certain abstract quantum communication tasks. For example, how can spatiotemporal structure be inferred from operational conditions on abstract reference frame synchronisation protocols without putting it in a priori?
- The second objective was to expand such a procedure of extracting spatiotemporal structure from observer communication relations to a semiclassical gravity regime.
- The third objective was to deepen the perspective of viewing the architecture of space-time operationally as a network of quantum degrees of freedom exchanging information. The intention was to foster new information-theoretic foundations for space-time physics and to complement, rather than compete with, existing approaches to (quantum) gravity.

Work performed

\"The project began by asking: what is observable in quantum gravity and how does it relate to observable properties from general relativity in a classical regime? Any operational approach to quantum gravity must face this question if intending to connect with bottom-up approaches that aim to quantise gravity directly. The key result was that generic observables in gravity feature a complicated non-differentiable behaviour, due to the presence of chaos in general relativity. Strong repercussions were shown: a quantum theory encoding these observables and ultimately connecting with general relativity in a classical limit must be based on a modified method of quantisation. The article, published in Phys. Lett. B, also proposes how, thereby suggesting a solution to a long-standing problem in quantum gravity. This investigation significantly extended the project proposal: it addressed a question that becomes crucial in the context of the semiclassical limit of quantum gravity where it bears on information flow, encoded in observables, and thus directly on an informational network approach. The fellow presented this work in various talks.

In parallel, the work on deriving the Lorentz transformations of special relativity from operational consistency conditions on a quantum communication protocol for reference frame synchronisation was completed and published in New Journal of Physics (selected as an NJP highlights). The importance of this work was to derive basic space-time structure from the communication relations between observers and without putting any such structure in by hand. Throughout the fellowship, work continued on this topic by generalising this result to a reconstruction of the Poincare group, which is a prerequisite for a Minkowski space reconstruction from communication relations. The fellow also presented these works in several workshops.

In a spin-off, the fellow and collaborators put forward, using a special mix of arguments from quantum information and renormalisation in quantum gravity, the surprising possibility that the local linearity of space-time might ultimately be a consequence of the linearity of probabilities. This part addresses all three main objectives of the proposal and calls for further research. This was published as an invited contribution to a special edition of Journal of Physics A \"\"emerging talents\"\".

A key aspect of the programme was to extend the ideas for an informational approach to quantum gravity underlying the proposal to a consistent conceptual and technical road map that is concrete enough to be followed by further projects. The fellow laid down such a road map, clarifying that such an informational approach will necessarily be a top-down approach, starting from the known physics and going down in scale, to complement bottom-up efforts starting at the Planck scale and doing the opposite. This road map was published as an invited chapter of the proceedings of DICE 2016 and was also discussed in talks by the fellow.

A main effort was to follow this road map with concrete investigations. The first question studied is as follows. The usual explanations for the emergence of a classical world from within quantum theory rely on the assumption of external structures, not least a space-time. If spatiotemporal structures, however, are not an input but, instead, shall emerge from the information flow within a quantum network, how can the emergence of a classical macro-reality be explained without external structures? The answer to this question requires relational degrees of freedom (as in general relativity) and builds on a coarse-grained information exchange in the network caused by universality and monogamy of entanglement. The second question studied is how one can extract geometric information from the quantum correlations (encoding the information flow) in such a network. The crucial idea is to use a special class of \'geometric states\' and the strength of correlations across the netwo\"

Final results

Informational approaches to space-time architecture comprise a new research field in the making that boasts a steady increase in efforts. Most developments in this field thus go beyond the state of the art. The results of this project have contributed to strengthening both the conceptual and technical foundations of these general developments. Importantly, the project has laid the basis for much follow-up research.

Plenty of efforts are currently undertaken in North America in this growing field, while Europe still lags behind. The project has helped to establish leading research on this topic also in the European Union.

The general research direction to which this project contributed has the potential to reshape our understanding of space and time and thereby of our universe. Such research receives attention in the public and thus has a potential impact on society by also reshaping the public understanding of our universe in the long run.